As the temperatures rise and people flock to pools, lakes, and water parks, it’s important to stay vigilant about recreational water illnesses (RWIs). These illnesses, caused by germs and chemicals in contaminated water, can lead to skin infections, gastrointestinal issues, and even respiratory problems. Fortunately, taking a few simple precautions can help keep your swim safe and enjoyable.
What Causes RWIs?
Recreational water illnesses are commonly spread when people swallow, breathe in, or come into contact with contaminated water. Some of the main culprits include:
• Bacteria and viruses like E. coli, norovirus, and Giardia
• Chlorine-resistant parasites such as Cryptosporidium (Crypto)
• Chemical irritants from improperly maintained pools
The most common symptoms of RWIs include diarrhea (sometimes bloody), vomiting, stomach cramps, loss of appetite, weight loss, and fever. Other RWIs can cause skin, ear, eye, respiratory, or neurologic symptoms.
How are RWIs spread?
When people are ill with diarrhea, even a speck of their stool can contain millions of germs. Swimming while ill can easily contaminate the water – even if you don’t have an accident. Also, lakes and rivers can be contaminated by animal waste, sewage spills, and water runoff following rainfall. If you swallow water that has been contaminated, you may become sick.
Other non-diarrheal RWIs are caused by germs that live naturally in the environment (water, soil). If disinfectant is not maintained at the appropriate levels in a pool or hot tub, these germs can increase to the point where they cause illness when swimmers breathe or have contact with the water.
A very rare but often fatal brain infection can be caused by Naegleria fowleri. This ameba infects people by entering the body through the nose.
Recreational water illnesses (RWIs) are caused by germs and chemicals found in the water we swim or play in, including swimming pools, water parks, hot tubs, splash pads, lakes, rivers, or oceans. They are spread by swallowing, breathing in mists or aerosols of, or having contact with contaminated water. Chlorine doesn't kill germs instantly which means germs can spread even in properly maintained pools, splash pads, or water parks. Each of us needs to do our part to help keep ourselves, our families, and our friends healthy.
Improper disinfectant and pH levels are more likely to spread germs. Check with the pool operator to make sure pool chemical levels are being checked regularly.
Do NOT use a facility if you notice the following conditions:
• Strong chlorine smell. You are probably smelling chemical irritants called chloramines
• Cloudy water or you can't see the bottom of the pool.
• Foam or a scum line around the pool or hot tub.
These are signs of a maintenance problem. Notify the pool operator, maintenance person, or lifeguard immediately.
Tips to Prevent Recreational Water Illnesses
Shower Before and After Swimming
Rinsing off helps remove bacteria and contaminants from your body before you enter the water and washes away any germs you may have picked up after swimming.
Don’t Swim if You’re Sick
If you or your child has had diarrhea recently, it’s best to avoid swimming. Germs can easily spread in the water, even if it looks clean.
Avoid Swallowing Water
Even well-maintained pools and natural water sources can harbor bacteria. Try to keep your mouth closed while swimming, and think about getting a nose plug.
Be Cautious in Lakes and Rivers
Natural water bodies can contain harmful bacteria, especially after heavy rain or near areas with pollution. Avoid swimming in water that looks murky, foamy, or has a strong odor.
Change Out of Wet Clothes Promptly
Lingering moisture can contribute to skin infections, rashes, and ear infections. Dry off and change into clean clothes after swimming.
Keep Bathrooms and Diaper Areas Clean
For parents with young children, frequent bathroom breaks and proper diaper changes away from the water are essential to preventing contamination.
The Bottom Line
Swimming is a great way to stay active and cool off, but it’s essential to practice good hygiene and be mindful of water quality. By following these simple tips, you can reduce the risk of recreational water illnesses and enjoy a fun, safe swimming season!